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Black vinegar
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Black vinegar is dark-colored traditionally used in and other East Asian cuisine.


Types

China
One of the most important types of Chinese "black vinegar" is the Shanxi mature vinegar () from the of , particularly in the (Shanxi mature vinegar). It is made from , peas, , and and has a much stronger smoky flavor than rice-based black vinegar. It is popular in the north of China as a dipping sauce, particularly for dumplings.

Another type of Chinese "black vinegar" is Zhenjiang vinegar () and similar condiments from .

(2025). 9780756667306, DK Publishing.
The condiment is an inky-black aged for a , woody, and smoky flavor. It is made from (usually ), or sorghum, or in some combination of those, sometimes including and . Black vinegar was traditionally aged in clay pots.

In , black vinegar is made from wheat bran and flavored with traditional medicinal spices. Sichuan's Baoning vinegar (保寧醋 or 保宁醋) is a famous example.

Black vinegar from is made using glutinous rice and colored red by the infusion of a special fungus.

A number of historic vinegars were considered to be among China's first list of intangible cultural heritage, with more added since.


Japan
The Japanese , a somewhat lighter form of black vinegar, is made only from brown rice.

According to some reports, Japan's annual per capita consumption of vinegar is 3.5 times that of China's.

(2025). 9781351208475, CRC Press. .


Korea
In Korea black vinegar is also made with brown rice.


Taiwan
black vinegar is the most different, with more in common with worcestershire sauce than other black vinegars. Its base is sticky rice which is then aged with other ingredients. Other ingredients can include fruit, vegetables, spices, and sugar. Taiwanese black vinegar is known as wūcù and lends its name to dishes like wūcù miàn (black vinegar noodles). Taiwanese black vinegar is very high in sodium.
(2018). 9781538101384, Rowman & Littlefield. .


History
Ancient Chinese laborers used wine as a leavening agent to ferment and brew vinegar. East Asian vinegar originated in China, and there are at least three thousand years of documented history of making vinegar. In ancient China, "vinegar" was called "bitter wine," which also indicates that "vinegar" originated from "wine".

The first written mention of vinegar dates back to BC 1058, during the .

Initially extremely costly and used only by the elite, vinegar eventually spread into popular usage by the .

Between 369–404 AD, Chinese techniques for making rice vinegar were imported into Japan.

By 500 AD in the Northern and Southern dynasty era, one book featured 23 different methods for vinegar-making.

During the and dynasties, the process for creating "smoked vinegar" was developed.

Though the scale of the vinegar industry in China has greatly expanded since the country's industrialisation, production methods remain largely traditional due to a difficulty in regulating and controlling heat-sensitive microbial growths needed for the vinegar-making process.

Some manufacturers have replaced the pottery vats and concrete pools with stainless steel tanks, as well as diversified their vinegar offerings to include different raw materials, including jujube, cherry, aloe, buckwheat, sea buckthorn fruit, fig, onion, and bamboo.

In Chinese medicine, vinegar is considered as a curative effect for acute and chronic hepatitis.

(2025). 9788847008656, Springer Milan.


Uses
Black vinegar has been used as a full-flavored but less expensive alternative to traditional balsamic vinegar.


See also
  • Chinese rice vinegars

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